"1. Biological mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement In this section, our findings that TNF-α plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in orthodontic tooth movement will be shown. Also, the biological mechanism of osteoclast formation during orthodontic tooth movement will be learned. 2. Mandibular bone development and Meckel’s cartilage resorption In this section, we share our findings on calcification and resorption of Meckel's cartilage in mice and would like to discuss the involvement of cartilage-resorbing chondroclasts in Meckel's cartilage degradation. It will provide students with up-to-date knowledge of osteoclasts and chondroclasts that contribute to mandibular osteogenesis and the opportunity to know morphological approaches as effective research methods, and help them understand the maxillofacial morphogenesis. 3. Muscle Physiology This section deals with the mechanism of excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle and myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling is the signal transduction of muscle cells. You can learn the mechanism of signal transduction in muscle cells. 4. Development and Healing of Calcified Tissues The early step of calcification has not been fully understood. The section gives students an overview of the calcified tissues and an introduction of our ongoing research projects about development and healing of bone. The students are expected to revisit histology of bone and teeth and enable a deepening of understanding the calcified tissues. 5. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an allergen-specific treatment for type 1 allergies, such as allergic rhinitis, with an improved safety profile and long-lasting effects. SLIT operates by acting on the sublingual mucosa and increases allergen tolerance, possibly with the redirection of allergen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses from T-helper (Th) 2 to Th1 and the generation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In this lecture, we will discuss mucosal immune system of oral region, such as oral mucosa and salivary glands, to better understand immune homeostasis in the tissues in oral region. 6. Emerging cytokine therapies for periodontal regeneration FGF-2 was finally approved for marketing by Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan in 2016. I will show action mechanism of FGF-2 in periodontal regeneration and some clinical cases to understand the FGF-2 therapy."