Lithium-ion batteries, first released to power camcorders, have revolutionized the society and led to cell phones market penetration in the 90’s (then laptops, smartphone connected werables etc.) and in fine to the connected society we are living in today. They are now allowing EV cars with ranges above 500 kms and battery production in the EU is expected to reach a 250 Billion € market within the current decade. This course aims at presenting Li-ion batteries: from the history of the batteries, concept of insertion electrodes, to the materials and manufacturing process, including sustainability aspects of production. Special focus will be put on the different components in the lithium-ion batteries and their designs with the respect to achieve batteries with lower cost, higher energy density, longer cycling stability, higher safety, higher flexibility, the ability to be operated at extreme situations (e.g., ultra-low temperature). This course will also give brief introductions to next generation lithium batteries (e.g., aqueous batteries, all solid-state batteries, lithium metal batteries) and batteries beyond lithium chemistry (e.g., sodium batteries, potassium batteries etc.).